He also performed alongside his brother in the Scruggs Brothers. [24], With Monroe and Lester Flatt, Scruggs performed on the Grand Ole Opry and in September 1946 recorded the classic hit "Blue Moon of Kentucky"; a song that was designated by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, and later added to the Grammy Hall of Fame. He died in September 1992 of a self-inflicted gun shot after killing his wife, according to prosecutor Dent Moriss. Weve updated the security on the site. The Foggy Mountain Boys were one of the most successful bands, with hits like Foggy Mountain Breakdown and Streets of Laredo. Earl Scruggs and Lester Flatt, on the other hand, were not always popular with the Opry. Scruggs was born in a working-class family in Cleveland County. Besides these, he even had many more awards for his successful career and contributions. "[30] In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit. After a buffet dinner, guests would gather in the living room for an informal "pickin' party" where some of country music's best known stars would sing and play with no one around but family and close friends. He met his nineteen-year-old wife in 1946 when she was at a Monroe Brothers concert and came backstage to meet the band members. 24 on, In 2005, Scruggs was awarded an honorary doctorate from Boston's, In January 1973, a tribute concert honoring Scruggs was held in, On September 13, 2006, Scruggs was honored at, Four works by Scruggs have been placed in the, 1949: God Loves His Children / I'm Going to Make Heaven My Home, 1949: We'll Meet Again Sweetheart / My Cabin in Caroline, 1949: Down the Road / Why Don't You Tell Me So, 1950: I'll Never Shed Another Tear / I'm Going to Be in Heaven Sometime, 1950: Is It Too Late Now / So Happy I'll Be, 1950: My Little Girl in Tennessee / I'll Never Love Another, 1951: Cora Is Gone / That Little Old Country Church House, 1951: Pain in My Heart / Take Me in a Lifeboat, 1951: Rollin' in My Sweet Baby's Arms / I'll Just Pretend, 1951: Come Back Darling / I'm Waiting to Hear You Call Me Darling, 1951: I'm Head over Heels in Love / We Can't Be Darlings Anymore, 1951: Jimmie Brown the Newsboy / Somehow Tonight, 1951: Don't Get Above Your Raising / I've Lost You, 1951: 'Tis Sweet to Be Remembered / Earl's Breakdown, 1952: Get in Line Brother / Brother I'm Getting Ready to Go, 1952: I'm Gonna Settle Down / I'm Lonesome and Blue, 1952: Pike County Breakdown / Old Salty Dog Blues, 1952: Preachin' Prayin' Singin' / Will the Roses Bloom, 1953: Back to the Cross / God Loves His Children, 1953: Reunion in Heaven / Pray for the Boys, 1953: Why Did You Wander / Thinking about You, 1953: If I Should Wander Back Tonight / Dear Old Dixie, 1953: I'm Working on a Road / He Took Your Place, 1953: I'll Go Stepping Too / Foggy Mountain Chimes, 1954: Mother Prays Loud in Her Sleep / Be Ready for Tomorrow May Never Come, 1954: I'd Rather Be Alone / Someone Took My Place with You, 1954: You're Not a Drop in the Bucket / Foggy Mountain Special, 1954: 'Till the End of the World Rolls 'Round / Don't This Road Look Rough and Rocky, 1955: You Can Feel It in Your Soul / Old Fashioned Preacher, 1955: Before I Met You / I'm Gonna Sleep with One Eye Open, 1956: What's Good for You / No Doubt about It, 1957: Six White Horses / Shucking' the Corn, 1957: Give Me the Flowers While I'm Living / Is There Room for Me, 1957: Don't Let Your Deal Go Down / Let Those Brown Eyes Smile at Me, 1957: I Won't Care / I Won't Be Hangin' Around, 1958: I Don't Care Anymore / Mama's and Daddy's Little Girl, 1959: A Million Years in Glory / Jesus Savior Pilot Me, 1959: Cabin on the Hill / Someone You Have Forgotten, 1959: Crying My Heart Out over You / Foggy Mountain Rock, 1960: The Great Historical Bum / All I Want Is You, 1960: Polka on a Banjo / Shucking the Corn (Remake), 1960: I Ain't Gonna Work Tomorrow / If I Should Wander Back Tonight, 1961: Where Will I Shelter My Sheep / Go Home. It was okay for the first two years, but later it became tiring. He was 64 years old at the time. [45] Johnston had produced Bob Dylan's records. Earl Scruggs death, despite the fact that he was a talented and popular country music performer, has left an indelible mark on the genre. Children. [13][26] Flatt later acknowledged that they consciously tried to make their sound different from Monroe's group. [13] This departure from traditional playing elevated the banjo to become more of a solo instrumenta promotion from its former role of providing background rhythm or serving as a comedian's propand popularized the instrument in several genres of music. In Cleveland and Rutherford counties, they grew up together on a stretch of the Broad River. [3][72] When Scruggs acquired it, the instrument was in poor condition and he sent it to the Gibson Company for refurbishing, including a new fingerboard, pearl inlays, and a more slender neck. [31][32], In October 1951, the band recorded "Earl's Breakdown" which featured a technique where Scruggs would manually de-tune the second and third strings[33] of the banjo during a song using a cam device he had made to attach to the instrument, giving the surprise effect of a downward string bend. Google doodle featured an animation of the Scruggs Style in his honor after his death. [42] The song spent 20 weeks on that chart; it also reached #44 on Billboard's pop chart. They were traveling from place to place performing. Though both Scruggs and Flatt clarified it as a coincidence, Monroe did not believe them. Earl Eugene Scruggs (January 6, 1924 March 28, 2012) was an American musician noted for popularizing a three-finger banjo picking style, now called "Scruggs style", which is a defining characteristic of bluegrass music. During this time Scruggs used his Gibson RB-3 for some of the Mercury recording sessions. [72], On December 14, 1946, 19-year-old Anne Louise Certain attended the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville. He was 88. [5] Scruggs, however, consistently referred to it as his own, saying that he adapted to it "a syncopated roll that was quite different. And though he never achieved the individual fame of his banjo-picking father, he was a high achiever in the. Scruggs was one of the few bluegrass or country artists to give support to the anti-war movement. Gail's son, Chris Scruggs, is a former co-lead singer and guitarist for the roots-country band BR549 and is currently on tour with Marty Stuart as a member of his Fabulous Superlatives. McPeake stated, "They were good banjos, they just wasn't [sic] what Earl wanted to play. Guitarist and Producer Randy Scruggs Has Passed Away Randy Scruggs, Musician and Songwriter, Dead at 64 - Rolling Stone . Despite losing his loved one, Scruggs kept contributing to the music industry. [5] About this time an opening to play with Bill Monroe became available. He also released a live album The Three Pickers with Doc Watson and Ricky Skaggs, recorded in Winston-Salem in December, 2002. Earl Scruggs was an innovator who pioneered the modern banjo sound. Burial will follow in Spring Hill Cemetery. While Scruggs gave his resignation, Lester Flatt was also preparing to leave. He was 64. Are you sure that you want to report this flower to administrators as offensive or abusive? [24] Her acumen and skills in the job were prescient. He crawled about 150 feet from the wreckage with a broken ankle, broken nose, and facial lacerations, afraid that the plane might catch fire. [73] In 2007, The Country Music Hall of Fame created The Louise Scruggs Memorial Forum, an annual event to honor a music industry business leader.[76]. This memorial has been copied to your clipboard. He was the star of the Flatt and Scruggs and still gets remembered for his three fingers style. Interesting Read: Personal and professional life of the band member of Punch Brothers, Noam Pikelny. Gary Scruggs was the eldest son of the late Earl Scruggs of Flatt & Scruggs fame. [55], In the late 1950s Scruggs met with Bill Nelson, one of the owners of the Vega Musical Instrument Company in Boston, to sign a contract to design and endorse a new banjo to be called "The Earl Scruggs Model". Louise Scruggs. International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame, "Remembering the Old Songs: The Man Who Wrote the Home Sweet Home", "Earl Scruggs Biography/Chapter 1/The Early Years", "Scruggs Style: The Life and Times of Earl Scruggs", "Bluegrass, banjo legend Earl Scruggs dies at 88", "Earl Scruggs Dies at 88; Shaped Bluegrass Sound", "The Impact of Earl Scruggs on the Five String Banjo", "Bluegrass musician Earl Scruggs, 88, dies", "Hotel Tulane, Nashville, Tenn., circa 1917", "Earl Scruggs: The 2003 Fresh Air Interview", "The Master From Flint Hill: Earl Scruggs", "Arthur Penn dies at 88; director of landmark film 'Bonnie and Clyde', "Librarian of Congress Names 50 Recordings to the 2004 National Recording Registry", "What Are D Tuners On A Banjo? Although semi-retired, Davies continues to tour, mostly in Europe. She helped shape music up as a business, instead of just people out picking and grinning. In his work, he used a method of picking in which his thumb and two fingers on the right hand guided him in a breathtaking dance. The song experienced a rebirth of popularity to a younger generation when it was featured in the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde. She released her third self-produced album Giving Herself Away. One of her earliest compositions, "Bucket to the South", became a hit for Ava Barber. His three-finger style of playing was radically different from the traditional way the five-string banjo had previously been played. [11] Prior to Scruggs, most banjo players used the frailing or clawhammer technique, which consists of holding the fingers bent like a claw and moving the entire hand in a downward motion so that the strings are struck with the back of the middle fingernail. He even had his spot in the Grammy Hall of fame and Hollywood Walk of Fame. [38] Despite the group's increasing popularity and fan mail, WSM did not allow Flatt and Scruggs to become members of the Grand Ole Opry at first. At age 88, Earl Scruggs died from natural causes on the morning of March 28, 2012, in a Nashville hospital. [9] His first radio performance was at age 11 on a talent scout show. It featured a Top 10 single entitled "Blue Heartache", as well as two Top 20 hits, "Like Strangers" and another of her own compositions entitled "Good Lovin' Man". She called police at about 4 a.m., and they went to the airport, where they heard Scruggs' cries for help from a field near the runway. She is the daughter of country singer Tex Dickerson and the sister of songwriter Ron Davies. Travis Tritt Pens Touching Message Remembering Gary Scruggs He was also nominated for the Best Bluegrass Album Grammy award in 2008 for "The Ultimate Collection / Live at the Ryman".Gary worked with a wide range of musicians, including Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Doc Watson, The Byrds, Vince Gill, Rosanne Cash, Charlie Daniels, Steve Martin, Patty Loveless, and many others.He will be greatly missed by many.Gary is survived by sons Jesse (Emily), Jaime (Erika) and Chris Scruggs, his niece Lindsey, and grandchildren Alex, Camila, Austin, and Lily.A Celebration of Life Funeral Service will be held Wednesday, December 8, 2021, 2:00 p.m. in the chapel of Spring Hill Funeral Home. Encouraged by her older brother, Ron Davies, (he is best known for having written "It Ain't Easy" for David Bowie and "Long Hard Climb" for Helen Reddy),[2] Gail soon began writing songs. [40] Fans shouted requests for them to play it, even at Carnegie Hall. He was 64 years old at the time. She turned the band into TV personalities and helped propel them into what today would be called rock stars, touring with Joan Baez and performing at the prestigious Newport Folk Festival. Learn more about managing a memorial . Earl Scruggs - Age, Birthday, Biography, Movies, Albums, Children [86] It serves as an educational center providing classes and field trips for students. Continuing with this request will add an alert to the cemetery page and any new volunteers will have the opportunity to fulfill your request. [18] He worked there about two years, earning 40 cents an hour, until the draft restriction for World War II was lifted in 1945, at which time he returned to music, performing with "Lost John Miller and his Allied Kentuckians" on WNOX in Knoxville. Memorial contributions may be made to the Country Music Hall of Fame or the Earl Scruggs Center in Shelby, North Carolina. Who Is Ricky Skaggs Married To Sharon White of The Whites. cemeteries found within miles of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. [5] Scruggs published an instruction book entitled "Earl Scruggs and the Five String Banjo" in 1968. [2] She was later hired as a session singer at A&M Records,[2] working with such as Neil Young, Hoyt Axton and Glen Campbell. Randy Scruggs Death Fact Check, Birthday & Date of Death - Dead or Kicking [5] Scruggs had drilled some holes in the peghead of his banjo to install the device and chipped the pearl inlay. His sons Gary and Randy, as well as Steve, his suicide victim, came together in 1969, in addition to him. We have set your language to A system error has occurred. [2] She signed with CBS/Lifesong Records in 1978 and released a self-titled album that scored three Top 20 hit singles. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. Thanks for using Find a Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you. He was 72. Share this memorial using social media sites or email. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplywho_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_19',650,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplywho_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');It became his inspiration to pursue music as a passionate banjo player. Showing Editorial results for gary scruggs. According to Tennessean writer Peter Cooper, Bill Monroe was in opposition and worked behind the scenes to keep Flatt and Scruggs off the Opry to the extent of having petitions made against their membership. Inspired by a trip to England in 1985, she formed a country/rock band called Wild Choir. The three fingers style for banjo even got named the Scruggs style. Photos larger than 8Mb will be reduced. Gary Scruggs died in an Abilene, Texas car accident When done skillfully and in rapid sequence, the style allows any digit (though usually the thumb) to play a melody, while the other two digits play arpeggios of the melody line. Failed to delete memorial. [2] This song has since been translated into seven languages and recorded by such internationally known artists as Nana Mouskouri, Susan McCann, Iona & Andy, George Hamilton IV and The Country Gentlemen. If you want to own a piece of Gibson history, the famous Earl banjo could be yours for $35,000. His wife, Lousie, became the first woman in Nashville to become a manager of a band. There was an error deleting this problem. Banjo Great's Son Kills Wife, Then Himself - Tulsa World Scruggs and his wife, with sons Gary and Randy, decided to drive all night from Nashville to see her when they were involved in an automobile accident just east of Knoxville about 3 a.m. October 2. Bluegrass legend Earl Scruggs dies at age 88 | Fox News "[49] However, Lester Flatt never recovered, and died May 11, 1979. His first official performance was in a radio station. Her latest project is an album dedicated to her late brother entitled Unsung Hero: A Tribute To The Music of Ron Davies. Meet Gail Davies, The Singer-Songwriter and Producer Who Paved the Way In the spring of 1949, their second Mercury recording session yielded the classic "Foggy Mountain Breakdown", released on 78 RPM phonograph records that were in use at the time. The duo was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1985, six years after the death of Lester Flatt. tav volleyball sold. View the profiles of people named Gary Scruggs. The duel started performing and gained a lot of recognition. Earl Scruggs performed a wide range of instruments, including the guitar, and he was a powerful singer. He poured all his sufferings and happiness into the music until he died in March 2012. For memorials with more than one photo, additional photos will appear here or on the photos tab. Abilene, TX. [85] It showcases the musical contributions of Scruggs, the most eminent ambassador of the music of that region, and features a museum and a life-sized statue of Scruggs at a young age. To use this feature, use a newer browser. Funeral services will be held at 2:30 PM . An item that is used but still in very good condition. He was determined to follow his passion, but things did not work out in the middle. [7][8] From there he devoted all his free time to perfecting his timing and to adding syncopation and variations to it. Gary Scruggs Obituary (1947 - 2018) - Spartanburg, SC - Spartanburg Please enter your email address and we will send you an email with a reset password code. He came back to the music industry through WNOX. The two of them started seeing each other after that meeting. Gary Eugene Scruggs who was born on May 18, 1949, in Knoxville, Tennessee, played electric bass, harmonica, guitar, keyboards, and percussion, and worked as a producer (Waylon Jennings) and arranger. Gary Scruggs, the Grammy-winning artist, producer, bassist, and songwriter, passed away on Dec. 1. Works Earl Scruggs Albums (13) There are 13 albums of Earl Scruggs. Sung by Jerry Scoggins, the theme song became an immediate country music hit and was played at the beginning and end of each episode of the series. Gary L. Scruggs (born 1958) - Hood County, Texas He received the Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance for his song Foggy Mountain Breakdown in 2001. Randy Lynn Scruggs (born August 3, 1953 in Nashville, Tennessee) is a music producer, songwriter and guitarist. "[24] Louise died from complications of respiratory disease[75] on February 2, 2006 at age 78, predeceasing her husband by six years. [5][79] He returned to music in January 1956, about four months after the injury, but after working a week or so, one of the hips collapsed, and he returned to the hospital for a metal hip to be implanted. She was nominated for an Americana Music Award that same year for producing and arranging a tribute to Webb Pierce entitled Caught in the Webb. Are you sure that you want to delete this memorial? You are only allowed to leave one flower per day for any given memorial. The Vega company was sold to the C.F. [13], In 1948 Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs formed the duo Flatt and Scruggs and chose the name "the Foggy Mountain Boys" for their backing band. GARY SCRUGGS OBITUARY. He moved it around depending on what part of the neck he was playing. Read Steve Martin. She started turning the musicians into rock stars that were famous on TV and among many youths. At the age of twenty-one, he auditioned for the Monroe Brothers after working here and there for a while. 20. Add to your scrapbook. An email has been sent to the person who requested the photo informing them that you have fulfilled their request, There is an open photo request for this memorial. However, he only retired from the road and not from the musical field. In 1974 he was in a plane crash after flying his Cessna Skyhawk II. The Earl Scruggs Center opened January 11, 2014a $5.5 million, 100,000 square foot facility located in the court square of Shelby, North Carolina, at the renovated county courthouse. Earl Scruggs | Is He Still Alive & How Much Was He Worth? [5][24][40] As years went by, the band became synonymous with Martha White to the extent that the advertising jingle became a hit, and the band rarely played a concert without it. Gary Eugene Scruggs (1949-2021) - Find a Grave Memorial Scruggs was an influential influence on country music, and his influence on the five-string banjo was profound. Released in 2013, this album features Dolly Parton, John Prine, Alison Krauss, Vince Gill, Shelby Lynne, Rodney Crowell, Suzy Bogguss, John Anderson, Guy Clark, Bonnie Bramlett, and Jazz legend Benny Golson, among others. He contributed to Flatt and Scruggs' albums as a teen, and earned a BA in Philosophy from Vanderbilt University. [25] Scruggs said of Monroe that "Bill would never let the music go down no matter how tired we were. Scruggs made an unannounced visit to his bedside. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? This album featured, along with Davies, George Jones, Emmylou Harris, Willie Nelson, Pam Tillis, Dwight Yoakam, Crystal Gayle, Charley Pride, The Del McCoury Band, Allison Moorer, Guy Clark, Dale Watson, The Jordanaires, Rosie Flores, Lionel Cartwright, Robbie Fulks, Mandy Barnett and Billy Walker. In 2009 Gary co-wrote Daddy Played the Banjo with Steve Martin for his Grammy Winning Best Bluegrass Album, The Crow.He, alongside other "Earl Scruggs and Friends", won the Best Country Instrumental Performance Grammy award in 2001 for "Foggy Mountain Breakdown". He is known for his work on programs such as Great Performances (1971), The Late Show with David Letterman (1993), and Countrys Greatest Stars Live: Volume 1 (2010), as well as for his writing. Learn about how to make the most of a memorial. Morriss speculated that he shot her in the head, then took his own life. He popularized the instrument across several genres of music. Try again later. "[39] Scruggs continued to perform and record using his Gibson Granada. He said it awakened a deeply embedded predisposition that "was just in there" to learn how to play the banjo. He said, "I love bluegrass music, and still like to play it, but I do like to mix in some other music for my own personal satisfaction, because if I don't, I can get a little bogged down and a little depressed". [2] His father, George Elam Scruggs, was a farmer and a bookkeeper who died of a protracted illness when Earl was four years old. This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. You can customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below. After working hard for more than sixty years, he was able to add his net worth to 16 Million USD.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'simplywho_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_10',647,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplywho_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'simplywho_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_11',647,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplywho_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0_1');.large-mobile-banner-2-multi-647{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Try again. Nashville - Gary Scruggs, Grammy-winning country music performer, producer, singer, bassist, and songwriter, passed away on Wednesday December 1, 2021, at 72. Steve Scruggs was the only son. Try again later. The eldest son of bluegrass music legend Earl Scruggs, Gary began playing guitar and bass as a child. January 13, 2012 Earl Scruggs died on March 28th. He contributed to Flatt and Scruggs' albums as a teenager, and earned a BA in Philosophy from Vanderbilt University. [2] She briefly sang jazz, but quit after they divorced. This account has been disabled. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. [52] This collaboration sparked enthusiasm by the latter to make the album Will the Circle be Unbroken. Flatt was instantly impressed by Scruggs and took him in the group. And even the musician has not shared much about it. She was one of country music's most influential artists, becoming the genre's first female record producer. [5] They were flown to a Nashville hospital where Scruggs remained hospitalized for about two months. Scruggs and Certain began dating and fell in love. The email does not appear to be a valid email address. [69] There would be four Scruggs models in the top-of-the-line banjos they produced. Randys friend and colleague, Jerry Douglas, described him as a quiet man with an encyclopedia of music as his guide. Gary Scruggs, a multi-faceted singer-song writer, composed hundreds of songs throughout his career. Because of his parents, even he and his siblings were musical. Gary Eugene Scruggs Obituary - The Tennessean The unfortunate incident occurred on May 28, 2016. They started performing a lot in the movie theatres by moving across the USA. [24] Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Although each of them formed a new band to match their visions, neither of them ever regained the success they had achieved as a team. In addition to developing his banjo style while playing guitar with Lester Flatt, he helped shape the sound of twentieth-century country music by contributing to its hard-driving picking and strumming. [43] The television show was also a huge hit, broadcast in 76 countries around the world. Together they had three children, Gary, Randy, and Joanne. No damage to the jewel case or item cover, no scuffs, scratches, cracks, or holes. Produced by Gail and James Taylor's bass player, Leland Sklar, this album featured two more hit singles "Breakaway", which went to No. She went backstage after the performance to meet some of the performers, including Scruggs, who had been with Bill Monroe's band about a year at that time. The circumstances of the tragedy are unclear, but it is a blow to a family well-known in the country music community. Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. The album garnered two more Top 50 singles "Waiting Here For You" and "Hearts in the Wind". Flatt wished to work again with Scruggs on his deathbed. Scruggs recalled a visit to his uncle's home at age six to hear a blind banjo player named Mack Woolbright, who played a finger-picking style and had recorded for Columbia Records. At the time, the coroner said it could not be determined if the overdose was suicidal or accidental. There is 1 volunteer for this cemetery. When Scruggs auditioned for them at the Tulane Hotel in Nashville, Flatt said," I was thrilled. The use of picks gives each note a louder percussive attack, creating an exciting effect, described by The New York Times as "like thumbtacks plinking rhythmically on a tin roof". [25] He turned in his resignation, planning to go take care of his mother in North Carolina. His grave can be found in Nashville, Tennessee. [7] The band routinely tuned its instruments a half-step higher than standard tuning in those days to get more brightness or pop to the sound, returning to standard pitch in the 1960s. She was also a talented singer and songwriter, and the couple often collaborated on songs and recordings. It received a Gold Book Award by the publisher, Peer-Southern Corporation when it sold over a million copies. Earl Scruggs Dead: Bluegrass Legend Dies at 88 - The Boot At that point he focused primarily on songwriting, and over the course of his career wrote or cowrote hundreds of songs.
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