This is an example of the bias. >> << /Resources Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man a. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before th, Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection, Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:a. restructuring, searching, and simulating.b. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. initial state.d. The correct option is b). lightbulbb. prototype; targetd. PDF Intuitive Feelings of Warmth and Confidence in Insight and Noninsight /Subtype /Type1 Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" The purpose of this experiment was to: a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. source; targetb. /Parent 2 0 R surface features.b. The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving. present one sample design throughout the task.d. We'll bring you back here when you are done. gradually rise; rise suddenly justc. >> Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)gave participants problems that required insightful solutions and problems that could be answered using incremental problem-solving techniques.While attempting to solve problems,they asked the participants to report if they felt they were getting closer to the answer,using a hot-cold scale.Reports that they were getting "warm" predicted the ability to solve: The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects is an example of: In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ________ condition. intermediate states. Dual systems theory suggests that we have two systems that operate in cognition: one involving a fast, intuitive, non-conscious process, and the other, a slower, reflective, conscious processing system. 14 0 obj The key to the solution is to overcome functional fixedness. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involvinga. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Cognitive Psych Ch. 12 (Problem Solving) Book Questions - Quizlet Insight refers toa. /Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn/germandbls Quiz 12 - Problem Solving Flashcards | Quizlet target; sourcec. 2. endobj /Subtype /Type1 Ch.12 Quiz 4.3 Flashcards | Chegg.com 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. object with a specific function. Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. d. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. c. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientist who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. b. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem. /Type /Font A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. d. dependent on how much money the responder was offered. Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Which of the following is a barrier or obstacle to solving problems. >> not present a sample design.b. The purpose of this experiment was to: demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight. Metcalfe wiebe 1987 had participants solve insight - Course Hero Newell and Simon's logic theorist computer problemb. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? Arrange acrobats in order of ascending size from left to rightb. /Type /Font Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because. a. representation and restructuring. familiar object.c. Experts _____ than novices.a. flexibilityd. /dieresis/.notdef/ring/cedilla/.notdef/hungarumlaut/ogonek/caron << The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that. Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify ________ for the problems. c. Experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices. The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPTa. target, Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Identifying techniques of problem solving. representation and restructuring.b. /BaseFont /Times-Bold /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Name /F8 Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. experience and sometimes do not. This research is an example of ____ research.a. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. << solve insight problems.b. as a matter of cognition). an initial stateb. c. Mutilated checkerboard problem, The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from. a single correct answer. of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. All birds have wings. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. pliers are also presented.c. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as -intermediate states -subgoals -operators -mental sets. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. /Encoding 16 0 R One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. >> d. tendency to detect when others are cheating. 26. parity.d. b. being able to solve other problems at all. To learn more about insight and non-insight problems here, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . present one sample design for a brief period.c. Describe some strategies that help you solve problems and make decisions based on your reading assignment. d. It has a single correct answer. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. Divergent thinking is defined as an idea generating process wherein an i Divergent thinking, exploring many solutions in a creative way, was used in the classroom. It has a large number of potential solutions. Participants are given a chair and pliers. /BaseFont /Times-Italic cog proc Flashcards | Chegg.com does have a clear identifiable solution. /ExtGState << /GS1 17 0 R >> 40. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. a. match box can be used as a container for tacks. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem ifa. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involvesa. A ____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem. initial, The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us froma. is open-ended.b. stationaryb. 9 0 obj mental sets. This particular discussion suggests that____ may be more important than ____ in creative thinking. How will Janet retrieve the book? The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside acircle, was proposed to illustrate: a. Howanalogies can be used to solve problems. their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves: the Tower or Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) ____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach. psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem bc: ill-defined problems are so named bc it is difficult to specify ______ for the problems. The purpose of this experiment was to: Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field, Take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because: a.the solution is immediately obvious.b.there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state.c.the goal state is not clearly defined.d.the initial state is not clearly defined. b. how useful a reasoning process is. Once they created an object they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. /Type /Font goal state.d. she attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. /Name /F10 /egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. ill-defined; Gestaltb. The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involvinga. Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to _______ features that _______ their ability to solve other problems. The purpose of this experiment was to ( Multiple Choice) Question 19 Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT, Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. This is an example of using reasoning. d. mental sets. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?a. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. /Type /Page In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem has higher difficulty than the ________ problem. asked us to determine the length of the segment marked x if the radius of the circle has a length r once we realize that the diagonal i the radius of the circle we can conclude that the length of x equals the length of radius r =, what is important about kohler circle problem, doesn't require mathematical equations the solution is obtained by first receiving the object and then representing it in a different way, process of changing the problems representation, sudden realization of a problems solution aha experience, did an experiment to distinguish between insight and non insight problems =, particiapnts working on an insight problem should not be very good at predicting how near they are to a solution whereas participants working on a nonishgt problem would be more likely to know when they are getting clother to the solution, gave participants insight problems and non insight problems and asked to make warmth judgments every 15 seconds as they were working on the problems hot is 7 indicating they believes they were getting close to the solution =, insight or nonishgt problem and time before solution, for isngith problems warmth reaimned low at or 3 just before the problem is solved and for algebra problems ratings gradually increased until problem was solved - insight occurs suddenly, illustrates how functional fixedness can hinder problem solving =, solution to dunkers 1945 candle problem =, when person realizes the matchbox can be used as a support rather than a container, group presented with boxes full frounf task more difficult than group with empty boxes, restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions =, participants given 3 jugs to measure out specify quantity of water =. 1. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. /F9 11 0 R >> match box can be used as a container for tacks.b. 16 0 obj For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_____ reasoning. Seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. /Contents 20 0 R Chapter 12 Flashcards | Quizlet a.the solution is immediately obvious. Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. a. prior learning facilitating problem solving. b. Tower of Hanoi problemb. Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted junk mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. 31. Mutilated checkerboard problemd. << /agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. /.notdef/exclamdown/cent/sterling/currency/yen/brokenbar/section The medium acrobat is on the left of the large a. >> warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _____ prior to the solution of an insight problem & ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight one. endobj In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. structural; enhance. restructuring.b. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are given. How re-representing a problem can lead to a solution. I am a creative type of person. Janet is alone in a room that has a chair & shelf w/ a book resting on top. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Metcalfe and Wiebe - insight in problem solving -task: -insight problem: triangle problem -non insight problem: algebra - warmth judgements - result: insight problems solved suddenly and non insight problems were solved gradually (more linear) Obstacles to problem solving - functional fixedness - candle problem - two string problem Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.b. Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? black and pinkd. 6 0 obj The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustratea. targetc. well-defining, insighting, and m. People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus ona. /F5 7 0 R 5 0 obj The purpose of this experiment was to A) demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. /F2 4 0 R Developing schemas for each i, Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem.a. observing people to see how they solve problems in the real world is called ________. surface and deep structures.d. /BaseFont /Helvetica insight.b. representation and restructuring.d. When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? >> Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's. c. the same for accepted and rejected offers. The purpose of this experiment was to: demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight. Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. How will Janet retrieve the book? After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. /Encoding 16 0 R Mental Set History 1301-Ch. The purpose of the experiment was to; a. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. >> /Name /F12 c. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving. a. Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. b. laboratory and real-world settings. Newell & Simon, early computer program designers for problem solving. 10 0 obj warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _____ prior to the solution of an insight problem & ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight one. calfe & Wiebe, 1987). Whereas Metcalfe and Wiebe's (1987) participants provided a final warmth rating that indicated that they were certain they found the solution, our participants were instructed to provide warmth ratings only before they reached the solution, and the solution itself acted as the final rating. An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Russian marriage, Dr. - insight problem solvers are not aware of how close they are to the solution. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal, c. Has one and only correct or possible answer. intermediated. Convergent thinkinga. Continuing to take the street to the north represents, Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the. c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. In analogical problem solving, the ______ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. endobj The purpose of this experiment was to. This is an example of. /F1 3 0 R Chapter 12 - Test Bank - Chapter 12 1. Janet is alone in a - Studocu 17. d. Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement. Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? c. low capacity for divergent thinking, Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they. b. general principles that problems share. Chapter 12 Problem Solving and Reasoning Flashcards | Quizlet Gestalt psychologi, Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. b. show how people progress through the . They found the ________ version to be more effective, because it had ______ features in common with the radiation problem. Question 2 1 metcalfe and wiebe gave participants - Course Hero experts and novices.b. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. 34. Kaplan & simon's exp., presented diff. In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _______ state. b. performance is better for the abstract task. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make " warmth " judgments ever 15 seconds to indicate how close the felt they were to a solution . /degree/plusminus/twosuperior/threesuperior/acute/mu/paragraph/periodcentered high-pressurec. [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC ] b. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem for aliens. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n). /Encoding 16 0 R a. people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically towards the solution of a non-insight problem. Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. She takes the street to the north. The argument is strong because the premise includes nothing new. d. subjective utility values following a decision. << restructuring initial states.b. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. Cecile's emotions are influenced by. The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the, Mia has lived in New York City all her life. ill-defined. has no correct answer.d. In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. d. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. demonstrate a difference between how people. Examples of such tests are the Product improvement task and the Ununsual uses tests. /Differences [ 128/.notdef/quoteleft/quoteright/quotedblleft/quotedblright/emdash/bullet/.notdef search. d. candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) _______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. << Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the________ decision of, a. irrational; accepting any offer, b. irrational; accepting only higher offers, c. rational; accepting any offer, d. rational; accepting only high offers, In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). /Name /F5 Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. /Subtype /Type1 Tower of Hanoic. >> Gestalt psychologist consider problem solving as a process involving, a sudden realization of a problems solution. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices.b. has a large number of potential solutions.c. 22 . a. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. /dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine/guillemotleft/logicalnot/hyphen/registered/macron Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice targetc. experimental groups and control groups.d. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 25 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. a. subgoals. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juiced. >> /F12 14 0 R To test this hypothesis, Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants insight problems, like the ones in the demonstration below, and noninsight problems and had them make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds, as they were working on the problems. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving reorganization or restructuring. Novel objects before a function was described. >> This particular discussion suggests that _______ may be more important than ______ in creative thinking. c. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. /BaseFont /Courier-Oblique Individuals were re After five to ten minutes they eventually figure out the solution. In analogical problem solving, the_____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. c. understanding why the procedure works successfully. The purpose of this experiment was to 27. [Solved] Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)gave Participants Problems That intermediate states. mental set, When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?a. multiple goal states.c. Dr. The purpose of this experiment was to a. demonstrate a difference between how people Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if. Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. d. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner. Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. << The purpose of this experiment was toa. How can knowledge of human relations help in the work place. Introducing Cram Folders! Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up w/ creative uses for pre-inventive objects is they: How do cognitive psychologists approach researching the way people solve problems? You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves, Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people.
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