At the same time, all kinds of goods became standardized for the first time, according to Priya Satia, professor of international history at Stanford University. The causes of the Second Industrial Revolution were: Natural resources (coal,iron, oil) Abundant Labor Supply (immigration) Strong Government Policy (Laissez Faire) New Sources of Power ( electricity,petroleum,steel) Railroads American Inventors and Inventions Your welcome. Thus, the depletion of resources and environmental pollution aggressively started around the first revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution was brought about by a variety of new technological breakthroughs which occurred in the middle of the 19th century. 10 Causes and Consequences of the Industrial Revolution [91], By 1890 there was an international telegraph network allowing orders to be placed by merchants in England or the US to suppliers in India and China for goods to be transported in efficient new steamships. Internal Combustion Engine 7. After 1830, when it broke away from the Netherlands and became a new nation, it decided to stimulate industry. The first seagoing iron steamboat was built by Horseley Ironworks and named the Aaron Manby. Being a much more durable material, steel steadily replaced iron as the standard for railway rail, and due to its greater strength, longer lengths of rails could now be rolled. [30] Electric lighting in factories greatly improved working conditions, eliminating the heat and pollution caused by gas lighting, and reducing the fire hazard to the extent that the cost of electricity for lighting was often offset by the reduction in fire insurance premiums. Scientific management initially concentrated on reducing the steps taken in performing work (such as bricklaying or shoveling) by using analysis such as time-and-motion studies, but the concepts evolved into fields such as industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, and business management that helped to completely restructure[citation needed] the operations of factories, and later entire segments of the economy. By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the countryside. The salt domes also held natural gas, which some wells produced and which was used for evaporation of the brine. The Second Agricultural Revolution, or the British Agricultural Revolution, happened just before the First Industrial Revolution. In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[61]. The development of more intricate and efficient machines along with mass production techniques (after 1910) greatly expanded output and lowered production costs. This milestone was reached by the Low Countries and the US in the 1950s. The U.S. had its highest economic growth rate in the last two decades of the Second Industrial Revolution;[97] however, population growth slowed while productivity growth peaked around the mid 20th century. The railroad soon became the main way by which companies transported raw materials to their factories and delivered final products to consumers. The science of metallurgy was advanced through the work of Henry Clifton Sorby and others. The revolution in naval design led to the first modern battleships in the 1870s, evolved from the ironclad design of the 1860s. However, those governors were sluggish and oscillated about the set point. Causes of the Industrial Revolution - HISTORY CRUNCH All unnecessary human motions were eliminated by placing all work and tools within easy reach, and where practical on conveyors, forming the assembly line, the complete process being called mass production. [104] There were many spin offs from researchsuch as the pharmaceutical industry, which emerged from chemical research. The ship was constructed mainly from wood, but Brunel added bolts and iron diagonal reinforcements to maintain the keel's strength. The voracious appetite for capital of the great trunk railroads facilitated the consolidation of the nation's financial market in Wall Street. For the magazine, see. The Mariner's Mirror, The Journal of the Society of Nautical Research. Longley, Robert. [35], The first paper making machine was the Fourdrinier machine, built by Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, stationers in London. Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacture of agriculture machinery. [42] Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States. Trials with Smith's SS Archimedes, the first steam driven screw, led to the famous tug-of-war competition in 1845 between the screw-driven HMSRattler and the paddle steamer HMSAlecto; the former pulling the latter backward at 2.5 knots (4.6km/h). Cable tool drilling was developed in ancient China and was used for drilling brine wells. The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. The iron chariots also changed the human and natural environment of the West, and of course led to conflicts with Native Americans who had lived there for generations. 1. Social and Political Impact of the Second Phase of the Industrial The increase in mechanization required more metal parts, which were usually made of cast iron or wrought ironand hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. Old engraved illustration of Manufacture of Steel by Bessemer's Process. The Causes And Effects Of The Second Industrial Revolution [28], The first modern power station in the world was built by the English electrical engineer Sebastian de Ferranti at Deptford. 4. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. Perfect for third graders, this worksheet helps students make connections between key ideas and events in a text and build nonfiction comprehension skills. The screw propeller was introduced in 1835 by Francis Pettit Smith who discovered a new way of building propellers by accident. 02.01 Regions Chart and Written Response - Brainly.com How did the Industrial Revolution change economies? [69] Control theory was developed to analyze the functioning of centrifugal governors on steam engines. The diesel engine was independently designed by Rudolf Diesel and Herbert Akroyd Stuart in the 1890s using thermodynamic principles with the specific intention of being highly efficient. [81], The telephone was patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, and like the early telegraph, it was used mainly to speed business transactions. Industrial revolutions may be renumbered by taking earlier developments, such as the rise of medieval technology in the 12th century, or of ancient Chinese technology during the Tang dynasty, or of ancient Roman technology, as first. Other major components of this infrastructure were the new methods for manufacturing steel, especially the Bessemer process. By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the countryside. Data from Paul Bairoch, "International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980," Journal of European Economic History (1982) v. 11. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The oligarchical ownership of companies, if not entire industries by wealthy individual business magnates that had dominated during the original Industrial Revolution in the early to mid-19th century was slowly replaced by todays model of wider public distribution of ownership through the sale of stock to individual investors and institutions such as banks and insurance companies. By making it cost-effective to build new rail lines, steel enabled the rapid expansion of Americas railroad network. What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe? The Second Industrial Revolution Inventions and Effects It became the leading steel making process by the early 20th century. Did Cotton Drive the Industrial Revolution? (2021, December 6). Noted inventor Thomas Edison at the lightbulb's golden jubilee anniversary banquet in his honor, Orange, New Jersey, October 16, 1929. Matthew, H.C.G. A collision in Massachusetts in 1841 led to a call for safety reform. Many factory owners became rich. Sir Charles William Siemens developed his regenerative furnace in the 1850s, for which he claimed in 1857 to able to recover enough heat to save 7080% of the fuel. Considered to have been triggered by the invention of the Bessemer process for the cost-effective production of steel and the associated expansion of the U.S. railroad system, the period resulted in an unprecedented increase in industrial production. [64] His most prominent achievement was to formulate a set of equations that described electricity, magnetism, and optics as manifestations of the same phenomenon, namely the electromagnetic field. President Thomas Jefferson set the Embargo Act of 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars. The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. [92], Like the first industrial revolution, the second supported population growth and saw most governments protect their national economies with tariffs. The Industrial Revolution, which began in the mid-1700s and lasted into the mid-1800s, was similarly a revolutionary experience. The rapid advancement of mass production and transportation made life a lot faster. Frank J. Sprague developed the first successful DC motor in 1886. At the start of the 21st century the term "second industrial revolution" has been used to describe the anticipated effects of hypothetical molecular nanotechnology systems upon society. At the same time, however, industrialization and urbanization drastically reduced the share of the population engaged in agriculture. Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell was particularly influentialhis discoveries ushered in the era of modern physics. 7 Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution - HISTORY Practically every aspect of everyday life had altered dramatically over the past century. The basic model of ownership of industry also underwent a major innovation during the Second Industrial Revolution. [78] Unlike earlier steam engines, the turbine produced rotary power rather than reciprocating power which required a crank and heavy flywheel. Second Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia The statistics that reflect the effects of industrialization are staggering. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The chemical industries also moved to the forefront. Sponsored by Sen. Robert F. Wagner of New York and signed by its ardent supporter, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the FSLA prohibited the employment of minors in oppressive child labor, established a mandatory minimum wage, and limited the number of hours employees should work. Omissions? Thanks to the development of sewage systems in cities along with the passage of drinking water safety laws, public health improved greatly and rates of death from infectious diseases fell. In essence, this was a period of tremendous economic, industrial, and technological advancement that took place between the . He also teaches science writing at Johns Hopkins University. Standardization of screw threads began with Henry Maudslay around 1800, when the modern screw-cutting lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a practical commodity. It also made it possible to build larger ships, skyscrapers, and longer, stronger bridges. The Industrial Revolution gave way to a sustainable economy, in which supply equaled demand. It has been followed by the Third Industrial Revolution in which digital communications technology and the internet changed how we transmit information, do business and interact with each other. Combined with these, the development of machines controlled by rudimentary computers, gave rise to automated production. The boat moved faster with the broken propeller. Part. [90], Improvements in steam efficiency, like triple-expansion steam engines, allowed ships to carry much more freight than coal, resulting in greatly increased volumes of international trade. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)[59] with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition [60] and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. The process of industrialization continues around the world, as do struggles against many of its negative effects, such as industrial pollution and urban crowding. When was the industrial revolution? - BBC Bitesize Now they are working in a factory that is clock-regulated and unchanging.. "Second industrial revolution" has been used in the popular press and by technologists or industrialists to refer to the changes following the spread of new technology after World War I. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Other important alloys are used in high temperatures, such as steam turbine blades, and stainless steels for corrosion resistance. Beginning in the 1980s this trend toward economic socialization was reversed in the United States and the United Kingdom. Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution Higher steam engine efficiency caused the number of steam engines to increase several fold, leading to an increase in coal usage, the phenomenon being called the Jevons paradox. [29][34] The savings from mass production methods allowed the price of the Model T to decline from $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1916. Belgium thus became the railway center of the region. Great swaths of land that had once whispered grass now screamed corn and wheat.". [5], Landes (2003) stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion engine, petroleum, new materials and substances, including alloys and chemicals, electricity and communication technologies (such as the telegraph, telephone and radio). While it was a period of unprecedented progress and innovation that propelled some people into vast wealth, it also condemned many to poverty, creating a deep social chasm between the industrial machine and the working middle class that fueled it. Where and when did the Industrial Revolution take place? Honors World History 3 Chapter 24 Notes Flashcards | Quizlet [57] Its popularity soon grew, causing the bike boom of the 1890s. Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased, as their wage rates grew[100] Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise. Recent flashcard sets. The story of the Industrial Revolution begins on the small island of Great Britain. Between the Civil War and WWI, over 25 million people from Europe, as well as Russia and Asia, immigrated to the United States drawn by the prospect of well-paid factory jobs. Longley, Robert. Matthias.". Chinese well drilling technology was introduced to Europe in 1828.[41]. It took several years to perfect and become popular, but found application in shipping before powering locomotives. Horses and mules remained important in agriculture until the development of the internal combustion tractor near the end of the Second Industrial Revolution. If a Western Rip Van Winkle had fallen asleep in 1869 and awakened in 1896, he would not have recognized the lands that the railroads had touched, White writes. [34] Henry Ford is quoted as saying that mass production would not have been possible without electricity because it allowed placement of machine tools and other equipment in the order of the work flow. While some historians quibble over the exact boundary between the First Industrial Revolution, that began inthe mid-18th century, and the second, that started aroundthe mid-19th century, a primary difference is that the second saw the beginning of mass production in manufacturing and consumer goods. This synergy led to the laying of 75,000 miles of track in the U.S. in the 1880s, the largest amount anywhere in world history.[7]. The Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution Include. The work of Justus von Liebig and August Wilhelm von Hofmann laid the groundwork for modern industrial chemistry. The large number of stages of the turbine allowed for high efficiency and reduced size by 90%. When the telegraph became available, companies built telegraph lines along the railroads to keep track of trains. The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production line; it ended at the beginning of World War I. [99], Increased mechanization of industry and improvements to worker efficiency, increased the productivity of factories while undercutting the need for skilled labor. Britain invested less in technological research than the U.S. and Germany, which caught up. The first commercially available steel rails in the US were manufactured in 1867 at the Cambria Iron Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. Agricultural Revolution Start, Causes & Effects | What was the "Sir Joseph Swan, The Literary & Philosophical Society of Newcastle", M. S. Vassiliou, Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry, Scarecrow Press 2009, page 13, "History and Design of Propellers: Part 1". The vulcanization of rubber, by American Charles Goodyear and Englishman Thomas Hancock in the 1840s paved the way for a growing rubber industry, especially the manufacture of rubber tyres[54]. Download Free Worksheet View answer key [56] Dunlop's development of the pneumatic tyre arrived at a crucial time in the development of road transport and commercial production began in late 1890. #1 Political and Economic competition in Europe Cause: 1. developed by the Nobel prize-winning chemists Carl Bosch of IG Farben and Fritz Haber in Germany. [95] Although commercial aviation existed before WWII, it became a major industry after the war. The steam turbine was developed by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. There have been other times that have been called "second industrial revolution". Osbon, G. A., 1965, The Crimean War gunboats. Kerosene lighting was much more efficient and less expensive than vegetable oils, tallow and whale oil. Causes of Industrial Revolution: The analysis we have just concluded reveals that the entire society of European continent was absolutely ripe for change and the governments of several European states took [] Within just a few decades, the Second Industrial Revolution transformed the United States from a mainly rural agricultural society to a booming industrial economy centered in major cities. These changes included a wider distribution of wealth and increased international trade. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. Both revolutions were motivated by a desire to increase work . Up to that time, propellers were literally screws, of considerable length. Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Road networks improved greatly in the period, using the Macadam method pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam, and hard surfaced roads were built around the time of the bicycle craze of the 1890s. The second most important reason was the improvements in health in sanitation.
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