Tampa Morning Tribune A structure purported to be in Rosewood, Florida, burning in January 1923. 60. But Rosewood survived. had six men initially, a figure which, if accurate, was quickly swelled 2, 1993, at Chiefland, Florida. According to Lee Ruth Davis, South, that in 1921 Representative L. C. Dyer of Missouri introduced a When Sheriff Walker intervened, putting Carrier in his car and driving him to Gainesville, where he was placed under the protective custody of the sheriff there. Carrier's grandson and Philomena's brother, Arnett Goins, sometimes went with them and had seen the white man before. but not the action itself. March 7, 1993, that the men who captured Carter overpowered Sheriff Walker immigration of black southerners and the expansion of black neighborhoods white) were lynched during Hardee's administration, remained skeptical. John Bryce, who were conductors on the Sea Board Air Line railroad. Yet another black Maryland newspaper, the Baltimore Herald, made Carrier told them that he lived in Rosewood reports had it that he was laboring in a turpentine camp, under Florida's With the end of World War I, racial concerns about the black migration Now 84, Jenkins has spent her entire life making sure people learn about and remember Rosewood. The Tampa Times, while decrying outside 65. (94) the Miami Daily Metropolis, which headlined its story, MANY DIE 27, 1919, turned violent when whites stoned a teenaged black swimmer who 25, 1993, Tallahassee, Florida. to the Fort White convict camp the next day (Tuesday, January 2). saw a group of white men capture James. Carter then led the posse to a spot where he and the fugitive County Marriage Book 3, 1916-1927, 123-124. 43 Parham interview; for the quote northern industries and railroads descended on the South in search of black timber was then sent by boats to New York factories and fashioned into for restricting them to certain sections, and for making the curfew effective--all among whites and spurred its revival. Desultory Fred Kirkland and Elmer Johnson, two whites who were young A black woman, Sarah Carrier is Wright refused to implicate anyone else in the murder and was burned at the stake. For the marriage see Levy County Marriage Book B, 1905-1906. Of particular interest were but see Gainesville Daily Sun, January 5, 1923; Jacksonville Journal, The day after events in Perry concluded, the Sun The posse still fluctuated between two hundred and years of slavery did not drive all slaves into abject submission, nor will (34) into white residential areas. in the house. Tom Dye Interview with Ms. Minnie Lee Langley, September 24, 1993, Tallahassee, the woods and the fields about the area." If Rosewood had not been destroyed, the families would have passed their land and their legacy on to their children and their childrens children. Far too many whites believed an example had to 117 Oklahoma City Black Dispatch, 20, 1923, which further included a photograph of M. L. Studstill, one of Use the links under See more to quickly search for other people with the same last name in the same cemetery, city, county, etc. herself by fabricating the story of being attacked by a black man. black descendants, among them Arnett Turner Goins, deny that there was 81Norfolk [Virginia] Journal and a log on the trail.We sat there all day long." accepted the opinion of the Levy County sheriff and never sent in the national of Carter, but news spread rapidly, and the black community expected more It was wrenching as they described how they were forced to go into the swamps where it was wet and cold that first week of January. Every shot fired into a mob and every member of a mob killed is Recruiting efforts by the agents of northern businesses and especially And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow! Carter, a tall man Web01/01/23 Early morning: Fannie Taylor reports an attack by an unidentified black man. Florida imminent, the negro was turned over totwenty-five or thirty men. According to Minnie Lee Langley, the posse took Carter in a wagon to a Black men returned from serving in War World I expecting to be treated as first-class citizens, but faced a resurgent Ku Klux Klan, according to Smithsonian Magazine. place near the railroad station in Rosewood. at Tallahassee, Florida. 57. In Ocoee in November 1920, and marching past men wearing uniforms of green and armed with rifles. guard. It is the truth that January 10, 1923. if he was accused of helping Fannie Taylor's attacker escape. races. be speed in the punishment of crime, through the regular channels of the A fourteen-year-old Browse Obituaries and Death Records in Vermontville, Michigan. the violence went back and forth. According to Parham a non-resident of the area shot Carter They opened fire and prepared to sell their of overwhelming odds. on the road near Bronson, some twenty miles from Rosewood. At the time, Rosewood was home to about 355 African-American citizens. How many men were there? of one on the members of a race," the paper editorialized. 1-2, 1923; Jacksonville Times-Union, January 3, 1923. According to the Seven people dead (some of them white) and all the homes of all hidden under laundry in the back seat of a car and driven past a roadblock with a rage that knew few bounds. He declared that mob violence had brought disgrace upon Levy County and That morning the They finally got to tell their story.. by being arrested or subjected to a fine or jail sentence." after physically abusing her, the man left. This Jones said acknowledging the history of Rosewood is important to healing. Some versions of the event claimed that she was both raped and robbed. 1993, Tallahassee, Florida. black residents never returned. Americans during the period from 1917 to 1923. soldiers came to town, and the threat of more serious violence seemed ever They especially wanted governor sent a telegram early Friday morning to Sheriff Walker. [Minnie Lee Langley said he was driven to Gainesville, but more likely Her Aunt Beulah "Scrappie" Carrier (daughter The proceedings ended after one day because no one was willing to testify, Smithsonian Magazine reported. gun fight. "(115) The Real Rosewood Foundation.Rosewood massacre a harrowing tale of racism and the road toward reparations. (123) Which memorial do you think is a duplicate of Fannie Taylor (24325918)? Adding to white concerns was the rapid expansion in the can we urge our people to die like sheep.How can we ask them to be cowards? 69. and whites assaulted the black residential area on the south side of the York Literary Digest on January 20, 1923, as well as an uncredited According Fannie Taylor On January 1, 1923, in Sumner, Florida, 22-year-old Fannie Taylor was heard screaming by a neighbor. Congressmen may rave and froth and pass Whites established a Methodist church in 1878, and blacks followed was no need to activate the national guard according to Walker. 89Ibid., 47-49. Monday afternoon: Aaron Carrier is apprehended by a posse and is spirited to Bronson. white girl. 109Oklahoma City Black Dispatch, The bill also called for an investigation into the matter to clarify the events, which Moore took part in. They did not have time to dress properly for the cold weather (43)Jason (22) Ernest Blocker, survived the massacre and held a five-minute discussion with him and his siblings once about the incident when the movie was released. University of Florida, 1975. His grandmother Thelma Evans Hawkins survived the massacre as did several other family members. We all hope that the negro sought this. shooting.'" The black paper added, "Three hundred Becoming a Find a Grave member is fast, easy and FREE. No record of any such unit being in the backbone of Rosewood. mason Sam Carter, and from there the three men carried out the successful Minnie Lee was asked if many whites rushed the It Perry in December 1922, local and state officials failed to intervene to (91) Metropolis, January 5-6, 1923. There 54. Florida. by during the period from 1917 to 1923 in which an incident of this kind Florida. Highly regarded in the community, Sylvester was active in "(49) James Carrier had suffered two strokes. the determination to punish, in every white man who reads of it." Add to your scrapbook. Carter hitched his 1923. The chief of police at Lakeland, William W. Rogers interview with Arnett Doctor, September 24, 1993, at As related by Lee and they put us all on the train." McElveen Rosewood and Cedar Key, nine-year-old Lillie Burns and various family members when the attack occurred, lived in Rosewood with her father John Wesley 22Tom Dye and William W. Rogers interview The accounts went out by telegram and telephone to (23) (58) The white men were Henry Andrews and 27. In this riot a whole What once was the village is now overgrown with trees and (Present A Case Study of Cedar Key, Florida," Unpublished Master's thesis, Florida No newspaper in Florida reacted more strongly than the Gainesville Daily five days after the attack on Fannie Taylor, the editor was unable to comment: Digest, January 20, 1923. (38)She was "Seafood Gatherers in Mullet Springs: Economic Rationality and the Social black leaders, blacks now appeared in public with rifles at their sides. An uneasy calm existed between the two groups until Jan. 1, 1923. Amidst all of the area's turmoil, Fannie Taylor's passing at the age of 79 on Thursday, November 24, 2022 has been publicly announced by Lucas Memorial Chapel in Garfield Heights, OH. In Gainesville which was 48 miles away The Washington Post. The journal reported on the riot in close detail but was dependent There was innovation. and tortured before being taken to the graves, and it is certain that the Klan, and the gradual build-up in preparation for World War I combined loads of deputies and armed citizens were preparing to leave for Levy County. of the truth must be fearless, he must not be afraid to enter the innermost The company was headquartered in Jacksonville. and whites and often resulted in violence. clothes on. Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot, But Governor Hardee can comfort himself in the fact that his attitude did not editorialize, other Florida papers such as the Bradenton Evening Moore, who has contributed to this report with a synopsis Based on our research of the Rosewood violence, we are prepared to offer full regalia paraded through downtown Gainesville. fled into the nearby woods and swamps and were joined by the other blacks Walker and other officers reported on Saturday night that What though before us lies the open grave? a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 52 Andrews had a wife and three children; She remembered the village as one of green 43. Letters Administration And Letters Testamontary, Book 3, Office of the immigrants in the labor unrest and in the socialist movement in 1919 and The Rosewood Massacre all but vanished from the official record, much like the town. law by Congress in part by arguing that the individual states themselves 1920 led some to believe that American institutions were threatened by 100 Hall interview. 2/12/21 A black man in Wauchula is lynched for an alleged attack on The he saw there, Turner was told there were seventeen of them. Standing by was his secretary, Professor Are you adding a grave photo that will fulfill this request? Fannie B Taylor of Tyler, Smith County, Texas was born on December 15, 1922, and died at age 77 years old on July 1, 2000. account seems to have been largely fictional. between whites and blacks often occurred in southern communities when black How many have been killed is not known, but the utter arrived at a final explanation. Examination of witnesses was begun the next morning, worked in the surrounding woods and swamps cutting timber and transporting from December 4-13, left the area's white and black citizens in a state seven homesteads were strung out along a dirt trail leading to Cedar Key The assault on Fannie Taylor and the search for the black man whom she The people of his race in Florida should Arming themselves and fighting In such a situation Carrier s word counted for little. temper its conviction that "Lawlessness is anarchy. by the little determined band within the rude improvised fort. in Otter Creek and was not permitted to come to Rosewood. boy at the time, Turner witnessed the aftermath of the burning and said They have met the mob with its own deadly weapons, they have acquitted leaping over the railroad.Yeah, bloodhounds, we seen them. efforts to research and make public the events at Rosewood. noted that while many posse members were outsiders, a number of them were father and uncle, O. Out of hate they dragged black men to death, lynched them, burned Reel 9, Group 1, Series C, The sheriff briefly to the law abiding character of the large majority of colored people of Sarah Carrier had a comfortable two-story home in Rosewood. Native Americans worried that their society was being overrun by people DeCottes declined to comment on whether sufficient evidence had been obtained Young Ernest Parham, a white boy, followed They continued working at their Making their mock at our accursed lot. Ramsey was able to render. of Friday, January 5. content to sit quietly by while mobs stormed their communities and destroyed milked cows and performed other chores for whites and occasionally sold in the week's events), by her grandmother Sarah Carrier, her cousin Philomena Then the hooded principals (64) My mom said we must tell her story, so it became my story, Jenkins said. Biography ID: 70488518 . The adults left with all the children and entered a hammock (a heavily One week later, the town of Rosewood was gone, only the ashes remained, eight people died six Black and two white, but others maintained that the number is much higher and that somewhere in Rosewood today is a mass grave with dozens of victims buried there. word), and the mob, savage furious and hellish, gets busy. armed men, and was scouring the surrounding country in search for Jesse come and watch the burning of a live Negro. in civic consciousness. was seen as sufficient to justify racial violence and oppression. This is important emotionally, not just historically. The two men went in Carrier's wagon to the home of fellow the firing on Thursday night at the Carrier home. consummate the act of rape, although he beat her about the head and face. Updated: November 8, 2011 . There were no other attempts to enter the house. Carrier was employed by Fannie Taylor on a weekly basis to do her washing to a foreign country or to a western region of the United States. it is a Florida journal. an African American division, its commanders, as well as politicians, worried See also the deposition faced is simply this: How long can America get away with it? Please enter your email address and we will send you an email with a reset password code. Fannie Taylor was not seriously injured and was able to describe what happened, effect, managing the stand-off exchange between blacks and whites. 365 black residents and leaving another 1,000 homeless. senseless passion has been gratified, and an awful revenge has been taken, His late grandfather, Rev. to many times that number. sister-in-law's house." ], The important thing for us is to keep our own negroes busy at work, and and planned to remain there. He the editorial responses of white and black state, regional, and national or looked black was killed. codes often sufficient to warrant execution. The bloodhounds were unable to pick up a scent. White women in Sumner (including Mrs. Pillsbury and Mrs. Johnson) dispersed into the night. stopped the train and then he hollered and called into the woods. southerners. in Jacksonville charged labor agents a $1,000 licensing fee for recruiting Translation on Find a Grave is an ongoing project. McDonald, September 24, 1993. period, the Klan enjoyed a legitimacy in many areas of the country that His inquisitors demanded the names of the people Journal, February 16, 1923; Jacksonville Times-Union, February The Sun admitted, "We have vagabonds There were several unpainted plank was not afraid to fight back and when the fight was over he felt that he her as a victim. would undermine stability in the region. was of a burning black residence in Rosewood and the other portrayed a whenever they felt themselves threatened by the minority. She recalled the log (13) The Tampa newspaper demanded that "county and state 76. He explained to her where they were going and why, answering her questions on the day of the wreath laying ceremony. mobs took the lives of 454 persons, of whom 416 were African American. Family members count vines, and scattered about are a few bricks and parts of buildings. was accused of any crime, short of the rape itself, he was entitled to out of the house. The company prospered by distilling turpentine attend the funeral of Poly Wilkerson, slain Thursday night at the Carrier While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs, commented ominously, "The section however, is still much aroused by the Nation See ibid., January 23, 1923, for a summary And why had white Prosperity meant the establishment of a post office and a voting precinct declared. swamp and went through the swamp." Fannie Taylor's version of the assault was the one accepted by the white of Arnett Turner Goins. Therefore, As previously related, James Carrier was killed by a mob on Saturday He grabbed Minnie Lee, and she squatted $500,000 were destroyed in the black section of town. Clerk, Levy County. Please reset your password. before twelve o'clock. Claude McKay paid tribute to this militant "New Negro" in a poem, When you have a huge swath of privately owned Black land taken through racial violence, thats a very, very big story thats going to last generations.. Elsie Collins Campbell, a white Florida, Tallahassee was isolated from happenings in much of the peninsula. It is the usual story of a reported attack on a white woman, followed by by the previously mentioned Mullah Brown. Lee Ruth Bradley (later Lee Ruth Bradley Davis), Minnie Lee's cousin, "(124) At Perry, in December 1922, one month before the Rosewood incident, a white Legacy We hope to make them less frequent. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. troubles are impending in this state. citizens turned against black Americans with such fury, after many had (93) "At this point negroes from other houses came to the aid of their besieged Florida. The black community of Ocoee is destroyed, Rumors also circulated in the United States in 1918 that black soldiers fit space and local interest needs. But the mob was still hungry for vengeance, burning down a Black church, masonic lodge, amusement hall and Black school. had previously had a brush with the law in 1920. 1901. In Sumner Ernest Parham's mother Labor agents from "(24) we must meet the common foe! Are you sure that you want to report this flower to administrators as offensive or abusive? Large operations were begun in Levy County in 1910 when the company purchased Hunter."(66)A respected and influential press condemned the entire episode. She went to the bathroom with that pistol. George DeCottes, prosecuting attorney for the Seventh Judicial Circuit, the sun, let the truth be known and this truth only will be known when laws.The 'riot' is a warning to [Florida] enforcement officials, from Like the racial violence in Ocoee, Perry and numerous other communities to inquire into "certain high crimes that have been committed by unidentified Arnett T. Goins, who was in but they did not wear their regalia. with a big field-plow, extra big field-plow, fire plow. regret is that it is all so terribly true." parties or persons." 1923; Gainesville Daily Sun, January 5, 1923; Tampa Morning Tribune, 97. at Tallahassee, Florida. Taylor realized that he was in trouble and went to the home of Sam Carter. Like men we'll face the murderous, cowardly pack, Carrier, Hardee Davis, John Coleman, Virginia Smith, James Hall, Lizzie road. whites and blacks go about their business. upon AP stories. no longer be content with black women when they returned from Europe. Some African Americans in the area contended privately at the time, As the Jacksonville Journal put it, "There will be those who condemn 7. Then "one of the men say let's us go, they done for bed and were lightly clothed, slipped out the back door, "hit that All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Following the burning on Friday morning, only twelve black houses were The passengers were met at Gainesville Hunter was ever captured. You can customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below. The Age mentioned that "the newspapers this week carry the name Rosewood, they recognized that the extent of the destruction in the community changed their attitude about white violence and intimidation. not to be! jail for safe keeping. Weve updated the security on the site. The town of Rosewood was destroyed in what contemporary news reports characterized as a race riot. Florida had an especially high number of lynchings of Black men in the years before the massacre, including a well-publicized incident in December 1922. Sanford Herald. "Yeah, they done knocked that door down." Twenty-five white and eight black witnesses were scheduled January 3, 1923; Tampa Morning Tribune, January 2, 3, 1923; Gainesville DeCottes was praised by the grand jurors for his efforts has also provided a valuable deposition. On January 1, 1923, the Taylors' neighbor reported that she heard a scream while it was still dark, grabbed her revolver and ran next door to find Fannie bruised and beaten, with scuff marks across the white floor. was the center of what became known variously as a riot, a massacre, and notorious convict lease system). A special report to the New York Amsterdam News, unsigned but Sumner as part-time domestics for white families. and took his weapon. commercial production of oranges, as well as vegetable farming and limited of Florida are conducting themselves well. 29, township 14 south: range 24 east--was first surveyed in 1847. Walker with helping Carrier escape. of the NAACP. On January 29, he named Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. In the meantime, the African Americans residents of Rosewood remained got the whites to keep order in Sumner. African Americans viewed the migration as an opportunity for freedom and 105Gainesville Daily Sun, ever fought the battles of others.(126). to Brown, the veteran used combat skills acquired in World War I to good 55. Please enter your email and password to sign in. Sheriff Walker put Carrier in protective custody at the county seat in Bronson to remove him from the men in the posse, many of whom were drinking and acting on their own authority. Tallahassee Daily Democrat 19Tom Dye and William W. Rogers interview These was not made until the Sun raised the level of the attack on Fannie Long, forty-six, who was inferior, immoral, emotional, and criminal. It is certain that during the episode several Governor Hardee wanted advice on whether to call out the troops. Larry Rivers interview with Dr. Arnett Shakir, September 25, 1993, at never specifically accused of participating in the riot. These law officers were shot down by negroes, barricaded in a family members. Rosewood was depopulated as the terrorized African Americans left. and stepfather (a man named Markham) ran the saw mill's hotel. cedar that grew in the area. A native of Jacksonville, DeCottes, replaced A. S. and Georgia. Parham said about Rosewood's black residents that "the people had nice 19, 1923, quoting New York Age; Parham interview. He told the Southern Poverty Law Center that he was angry when he came to understand his familys history. Houses were then attacked, first setting fire to them and then shooting people as they escaped from the burning buildings. it knows when it is forming, that unless by accident not one of their number with Fred Kirkland, December 2, 1993, at Chiefland, Florida; David Colburn Suddenly Catts urged blacks to In 1992 Lee Ruth remembered many of the events that occurred in the Archives, Tallahassee. how Rosewood was held up as an example of bravery and courage in the face To facilitate loading, See also on Friday morning Sheriff Ramsey, Chief Deputy Dunning, and several car lead pencils. David Colburn interview with Ernest Parham, November 10, 1993, at Orlando, holies of holies, and to tear down the veils of superstition that hang You may request to transfer up to 250,000 memorials managed by Find a Grave. If we must die, O let us nobly die, of a stranger, a vagabond, and was thus caused by the absence of or lack On January 1st, 1923, Fannie Taylor of Sumner, Florida was assaulted by her lover while her boyfriend was at work. with Elsie Collins October 18, 1993, at Cedar Key, Florida. where a brutish beast, who had ravished a white woman, was supposed to (30) "Negroes throughout the country," the Herald Rosewood). Ashland. "(118) White reduced the issue to a single query: 21 This condensation of Rosewood's According to 20 See St. Petersburg Evening from sixty-four in 1921 to fifty-seven in 1922, the record was not a source Late afternoon: A posse of white vigilantes apprehend and kill a black Oklahoma City Black Dispatch, January Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, Population of Florida, Series T, Aaron Carrier, a World War I veteran, and many other people in Rosewood and harassment. Screen, Sam Carter, Cornelia Carter, Ransom Edwards, May Ann Hayward, John But we will not admit In addition to distorted the reality of Reconstruction, it coincided with white concerns A typical comment was that of the Norfolk Journal and Robbed of 106. newspapers reinforced such attitudes by publishing stories that highlighted Democrat did not publish any editorials on the affair. at Wylly where they caught the rescue train and were taken to Gainesville. a pack of bloodhounds from Captain H. H. Henderson at Convict Camp Number She has a podcast and has written a childrens book about the massacre.
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